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Montenegro

Agriculture and Horticulture

Agriculture and horticulture in numbers

Montenegro

Agricultural land covers 37% of the total national territory of Montenegro. Agriculture is an important economic sector. During the period 2005 – 2008, the share of primary agricultural production in GDP was at the level of about 9-10% (9).

Over 60% of agricultural land in the country is used for grazing of relatively small holdings of livestock and this figure rises to over 85% if one takes into account meadows where grazing occurs (all numbers refer to 2008). The next largest category of land use is fields and garden, which utilizes about 9% of the agricultural land with vegetable gardens and field crops, including fodder for domestic livestock. About 40% of this category (arable land) is devoted to fodder crops, 18% consists of vegetable gardens, and only 11% is devoted to growing cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats and maize. Finally, orchards and vineyards, located largely in the southern part of the country running from Podgorica to the sea, constitute about 3% of the total agricultural land. This area is partially irrigated and target for expansion over the coming decades, primarily for export. It includes table and wine grape production, and other fruit crops (10).

Montenegro can be divided into 5 areas according to the specific characteristics and conditions for the development of agriculture (the percentages of total agricultural land refer to the situation in 2003) (9):


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Vulnerabilities Montenegro

Summarized, the potential physical impacts of climate change on the agricultural sector in Montenegro are (10):

Increases in CO2 concentrations

  • Increase in long term yields of some crops;
  • More rapid growth of some particularly noxious weeds;
  • Increased competition from these weeds for available resources.

Increases in temperature

  • Increases in crop yields (and land productivity), up to a point followed by decreases;
  • Increases in productivity of livestock, up to a point followed by decreases;
  • Reduced irrigation water supply;
  • Increased irrigation water demand;
  • Complex effects on weeds, insects;
  • Adverse effects on animal health due to heat stress.

Decreases in precipitation

  • Decreases in crop yields (and land productivity);
  • Decreased irrigation water supply;
  • Increased irrigation water demand;
  • Complex effects on weeds, insects and animal health.

Increases in magnitude and frequency of extreme events

  • Increase in crop damages due to drought, flooding, hale and wind storms;
  • Increased crop losses due to flooding;
  • Greater livestock loss due to droughts and floods.
  • Interactions: higher CO2 and higher temperature (1-30°C):
  • Northern part: small positive effects on land productivity and yields;
  • Southern part: reductions in land productivity and yields;
  • Near future – far future: increasing negative effects on land productivity and yields.

Vulnerabilities Europe - Climate change not main driver

Socio-economic factors and technological developments

Climate change is only one driver among many that will shape agriculture and rural areas in future decades. Socio-economic factors and technological developments will need to be considered alongside agro-climatic changes to determine future trends in the sector (2).


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Adaptation strategies

According to the Work Bank, the following adaptation measures hold the greatest promise for Eastern European countries, independent of climate change scenarios (11):

  • Technology and management: Conservation tillage for maintaining moisture levels; reducing fossil fuel use from field operations, and reducing CO2 emissions from the soil; use of organic matter to protect field surfaces and help preserve moisture; diversification of crops to reduce vulnerability; adoption of drought‐, flood‐, heat‐, and pest resistant cultivars; modern planting and crop‐rotation practices; use of physical barriers to protect plants and soils from erosion and storm damage; integrated pest management (IPM), in conjunction with similarly knowledge‐based weed control strategies; capacity for knowledge based farming; improved grass and legume varieties for livestock; modern fire management techniques for forests.
  • Institutional change: Support for institutions offers countries win‐win opportunities for reducing vulnerability to climate risk and promoting development. Key institutions include: hydromet centers, advisory services, irrigation directorates, agricultural research services, veterinary institutions, producer associations, water‐user associations, agro processing facilities, and financial institutions.
  • Policy: Non‐distorting pricing for water and commodities; financial incentives to adopt technological innovations; access to modern inputs; reformed farm subsidies; risk insurance; tax incentives for private investments; modern land markets; and social safety nets.

Weather forecasts

The status of most weather services among Eastern European countries has deteriorated considerably in the last two decades, mainly as a consequence of persistent under‐financing during the arduous transition that followed the end of central planning and the break‐up of the Soviet Union. … The perils of a weakening forecast capacity have become evident in Russia’s system, where the share of hazardous weather phenomena that were not picked up and forecast increased from 6% at the beginning of 1990s to 23% only ten years later. … Increased accuracy in forecasting would assist in the timing of fertilizer application and pest and disease control, avoiding over‐application that raises input costs and exacerbates environmental damage. There is abundant evidence that farmers in Tajikistan, Montenegro, Uzbekistan, and Albania would benefit significantly from improved monitoring and forecasting. Forecasts also would enable mitigation of frost damage, which is a serious problem for agriculture in Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Montenegro, Moldova, Armenia, Macedonia, Kazakhstan, and Bosnia, among others. Tools to mitigate the effects of sudden freezes are being developed globally, but cost‐effective application depends on accurate forecasting (11).

References

The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Montenegro.

  1. EEA (2006), in: EEA, JRC and WHO (2008)
  2. EEA, JRC and WHO (2008)
  3. Rounsevell et al. (2005)
  4. UN (2004), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  5. Ewert et al. (2005), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  6. Van Meijl et al. (2006), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
  7. JNCC (2007), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
  8. European Commission (2006), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
  9. Ministry for Spatial Planning and Environment of the Republic of Montenegro (2010)
  10. Callaway et al. (2010)
  11. World Bank Group (2009)

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