Energy in numbers - Croatia

The renewable energy sources used in Croatia are water resources, firewood and wood waste, biomass, geothermal energy and, lately, solar and wind energy (10).

During 2000-2007, 50% of all Croatian electricity, and 17% of total energy consumption, was produced from hydropower (10,12)..

The first wind farm in Croatia, Ravna 1 on the island of Pag, with the installed production capacity of 5.95 MW, was put into operation late in 2004. In 2006 a Trtar-Krtolin wind farm with 14 wind turbines and total production capacity of 11.2 MW was completed in the hinterland of Šibenik (10).

Vulnerabilities Croatia

During 2000-2007, 50% of all Croatian electricity was produced from hydropower. The Croatian energy sector is potentially vulnerable if climate change results in reduced river flows, which is expected. Reductions in hydroelectric generating capacity would reduce the nation’s level of energy security. During the severe droughts of 2003 and 2007, the amount of hydroelectric power produced dropped significantly from the average outputs of 2001 and 2005. Decreases in hydroelectric production due to reduced runoff and river flows may require lost  production to be offset by domestic or imported electricity, which is more costly (12).

Vulnerabilities Europe

Supply

The current key renewable energy sources in Europe are hydropower (19.8% of electricity generated) and wind. By the 2070s, hydropower potential for the whole of Europe is expected to decline by 6%, translated into a 20 to 50% decrease around the Mediterranean, a 15 to 30% increase in northern and eastern Europe and a stable hydropower pattern for western and central Europe (1,3,4). In areas with increased precipitation and runoff, dam safety may become a problem due to more frequent and intensive flooding events (5).

It has become apparent during recent heat waves and drought periods that electricity generation in thermal power plants may be affected by increases in water temperature and water scarcity. In the case of higher water temperatures the discharge of warm cooling water into the river may be restricted if limit values for temperature are exceeded. Electricity production has already had to be reduced in various locations in Europe during very warm summers (e.g. 2003, 2005 and 2006) (5,8).

Extreme heat waves can pose a serious threat to uninterrupted electricity supplies, mainly because cooling air may be too warm and cooling water may be both scarce and too warm (9).

Climate change will impact thermoelectric power production in Europe through a combination of increased water temperatures and reduced river flow, especially during summer. In particular, thermoelectric power plants in southern and south-eastern Europe will be affected by climate change. Using a physically based hydrological and water temperature modelling framework in combination with an electricity production model, a summer average decrease in capacity of power plants of 6.3–19% in Europe was shown for 2031–2060 compared with 1971-2000, depending on cooling system type and climate scenario (SRES B1 and A2) (13).

Overall, a decrease in low flows (10th percentile of daily distribution) for Europe (except Scandinavia) is projected with an average decrease of 13-15% for 2031–2060 and 16-23% for 2071-2100,compared with 1971-2000. Increases in mean summer (21 June - 20 September) water temperatures are projected of 0.8-1.0°C for 2031–2060 and 1.4-2.3°C for 2071-2100, compared with 1971-2000. Projected water temperature increases are highest in the south-western and south-eastern parts of Europe (13).

By the 22nd century, land area devoted to biofuels may increase by a factor of two to three in all parts of Europe (2).

Demand

It may become more challenging to meet energy demands during peak times due to more frequent heat waves and drought conditions (1). Strong distributional patterns are expected across Europe — with rising cooling (electricity) demand in summer in southern Europe, compared with reduced heating (energy) demand in winter in northern Europe (7).

References

The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Croatia.

1. Lehner et al. (2005), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
2. Metzger et al. (2004), in: Alcamo et al. (2007)
3. Kirkinen et al. (2005), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
4. Veijalainen and Vehviläinen (2006); Andréasson et al. (2006), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
5. Anderson (ed.) (2007)
6. Rothstein et al. (2006), in: Anderson (ed.) (2007)
7. Alcamo et al., 2007
8. EEA, JRC and WHO (2008)
9. Behrens et al. (2010)
10. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning (2001)
11. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning (2010)
12. UNDP (2008)
13. Van Vliet et al. (2012)