Vulnerabilities

Landslides and flash floods already cause more and more damages to infrastructure and settlements (1)…. Growing demand on land increases the competition for the very limited resource (2). Areas at higher risk of flooding and landslides are now used for housing and infrastructure.

Vulnerabilities - Flood risk landfill sites

Maintenance and decomposition for landfill life cycles are assessed for 200–500 years depending on waste composition, climatic conditions and applied assessment methodologies (3). Consequently, even sites with flood protection levels up to a 100-year flood, for example provided by dykes, are highly likely to be inundated before hazardous materials are decomposed. It has to be assumed that inundated landfills become water-saturated, which leads to a substantial mobilisation of pollutants, as the presence of water enhances decomposition and transport processes (4). In addition, water saturation of landfills may lead to mechanical stability losses (5). As landfill sites are predominately located in lowland areas close to residential areas, a permanent risk potential for humans (adverse health effects) and the environment has to be expected resulting from flooded landfills (6).

Potential effects of landfill flooding have been assessed for Austrian landfills mainly composed of municipal solid waste (7). An inventory of landfills in Austria showed 103 sites characterised as controlled landfills and 961 sites identified as uncontrolled landfills with overall volumes of more than 25,000 m3 (8).

One-third of the controlled landfill sites and roughly 30 % of the uncontrolled landfills were identified as highly endangered by floods (landfill located within a flood risk zone or at less than 150 m distance from the flood risk zone, for floods with return periods of 200 years). The majority (60 %) of active controlled landfills are protected by structural measures (e.g. dykes) (in flood-prone areas usually against 100-year flood events); the majority (70 %) of closed controlled sites are unprotected (5). This information is not available for uncontrolled landfills; in general, it is assumed that these sites are not protected at all (9).

The results demonstrated that the load of pollutants from flooded landfills can potentially increase by up to six orders of magnitude, depending on the substance and the underlying assumption of the scenarios. Therefore, the flow of substances from flooded landfills to the environment is significantly high with a corresponding risk. Despite the high dilution potential during a flood event, discharges to rivers are highly likely to exceed the Austrian Water Quality Standards. Inherent uncertainties associated with considered processes and data sources are considerably high, however (7).

In many cases landfills endangered by flooding might be inundated but not eroded during a flood event. The subsequent water saturation of a landfill body can have significant impact on post-flooding landfill metabolism and might be of interest from the perspective of landfill aftercare (7).

References

The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Austria.

1. Bader and Kunz (1998); Steininger and Weck-Hannemann (2002), both in: European Environment Agency (EEA) (2005)
2. UBA (2004), in: European Environment Agency (EEA) (2005)
3. Ehrig and Krümpelbeck (2001); Stegmann and Heyer (1995); Belevi and Baccini (1989), all in: Neuhold (2013)
4. Christensen et al. (1996); Bogner and Spokas (1993); Klink and Ham (1982), all in: Neuhold (2013)
5. Blight and Fourie (2005), in: Neuhold (2013)
6. Laner et al. (2009); Neuhold and Nachtnebel (2010), both in: Neuhold (2013)
7. Neuhold (2013)
8. AFEA (2008a), in: Neuhold (2013)
9. Laner et al. (2009), in: Neuhold (2013)